Detection of cyanotoxins in irrigation water and potential impact on putting green health

Creeping bentgrass putting greens require frequent irrigation during summer months to meet evapotranspiration requirements. Golf courses that utilize local water bodies for may potentially spread phytopathogenic waterborne microbes, or toxins they produce, greens. Cyanobacteria associated with yellow spot and black layer have been detected in are known produce cyanotoxins hinder plant growth at high concentrations. Water samples were collected from heads, intakes, the epilimnion of exposed sources. Anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin, saxitoxin concentrations analyzed using ELISA kits. Microcystin systems surface Anatoxin was every system, regardless source. Cylindrospermopsin only one system utilized a body as Only two site contained cyanotoxin (microcystin) exceeded recommended threshold recreational use.